Stainless Steel 416Se · heat-treated state
Stainless Steel 416Se Hardened & Tempered
Properties of the Hardened & Tempered condition, compared with the other 416Se tempers.
General-purpose hardened condition (~HRC 28–34) balancing strength, toughness and corrosion resistance for shafts and valve stems.
What is 416Se Hardened & Tempered?
416Se Hardened & Tempered is 416Se heat treated to Hardened & Tempered — general-purpose hardened condition (~HRC 28–34) balancing strength, toughness and corrosion resistance for shafts and valve stems. 416Se Hardened & Tempered has a yield strength of 760 MPa (110 ksi) and a tensile strength of 965 MPa (140 ksi) — stronger than 94% of stainless steel grades. Elongation at break is 17% and the elastic modulus is 200 GPa (29 Msi). 416Se Hardened & Tempered has a density of 7.75 g/cm³ (0.28 lb/in³), lighter than 66% of stainless steel grades. It melts at 1,480°C (2,696 °F). Annealed is the default condition FabDigit quotes; Hardened & Tempered is available on request or by drawing note.
Advantages
- High electrical conductivity — 3 % IACS, better than 95% of stainless steel grades
- Easy to machine — 55/100, better than 95% of stainless steel grades
- High strength — 760 MPa (110 ksi), better than 94% of stainless steel grades
- Conducts heat well — 24.9 W/m·K (14.4 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 88% of stainless steel grades
- Low embodied carbon — 4 kg CO₂/kg, better than 75% of stainless steel grades
Limitations
- Difficult to weld — 18/100, worse than 97% of stainless steel grades
- Needs corrosion protection — 38/100, worse than 95% of stainless steel grades
- Limited formability — 10/100, worse than 95% of stainless steel grades
- Hard to polish — 55/100, worse than 89% of stainless steel grades
- Limited ductility — 17%, worse than 86% of stainless steel grades
416Se Hardened & Tempered properties
Typical room-temperature values for 416Se Hardened & Tempered — 14 properties are specific to this condition; the rest are grade-level values shared by every 416Se temper. Each bar shows where the value sits among the stainless steel grades in FabDigit's library — further right is higher.
Physical3
416Se Hardened & Tempered has a density of 7.75 g/cm³ (0.28 lb/in³), lighter than 66% of stainless steel grades. It melts at 1,480°C (2,696 °F).
Mechanical14
416Se Hardened & Tempered has a yield strength of 760 MPa (110 ksi) and a tensile strength of 965 MPa (140 ksi) — stronger than 94% of stainless steel grades. Elongation at break is 17% and the elastic modulus is 200 GPa (29 Msi).
Thermal6
416Se Hardened & Tempered is rated for continuous service to 480°C (896 °F). It conducts heat at 24.9 W/m·K (14.4 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 88% of stainless steel grades. Thermal expansion is 9.9 µm/m·K (5.5 µin/in·°F).
Electrical3
416Se Hardened & Tempered conducts electricity at 3 % IACS, better than 95% of stainless steel grades.
Chemical & Environmental3
Corrosion resistance is fair (38/100), worse than 95% of stainless steel grades.
Sustainability4
Producing a kilogram of 416Se Hardened & Tempered takes about 45 MJ of energy and emits 4 kg of CO₂ — less than 91% of stainless steel grades. Typical recycled content is 55%.
Manufacturability6
416Se Hardened & Tempered's machinability is good (55/100, better than 95% of stainless steel grades); weldability poor (18/100); formability not recommended (10/100).
Values are nominal handbook figures for design screening. Certified mill or lot data ships with every FabDigit order on request.
Other 416Se tempers and conditions
416Se is also supplied in 4 other conditions. The full side-by-side table is on the 416Se overview.
- AnnealedDefaultStandard stocked condition for high-volume screw-machine work; machine then harden if strength is needed.280 MPa yield · 160 HB
- Q&T 35-42 HRCPick when maximum hardness/wear resistance is needed (stems, latches, cutlery-type parts); toughness and impact resistance are low.1,000 MPa yield · 39 HRC
- Hardened & TemperedGeneral-purpose hardened condition (~HRC 28–34) balancing strength, toughness and corrosion resistance for shafts and valve stems.760 MPa yield · 31 HRC
- Cold DrawnChoose for tight-tolerance, bright-finish bar with somewhat higher strength for as-machined parts.550 MPa yield · 210 HB
Working with 416Se Hardened & Tempered
Is 416Se easy to machine?
Excellent free-machining behaviour (~85 % of 1212); selenides give short chips and a brighter finish than sulfur-bearing 416 — use sharp carbide, moderate speed, generous coolant, and avoid dwell to prevent work-hardened skin.
Can 416Se be welded?
Not recommended: Se/S inclusions and air-hardening martensite cause hot cracking; if unavoidable, preheat 200–300 °C, use 309/410 filler and temper at 650–700 °C immediately after.
Can 416Se be formed, bent or molded?
Cold forming limited to light heading/threading in the annealed condition; hot work 1150–1200 °C and cool slowly, never below ~800 °C finishing temperature.
What surface finishes work on 416Se?
Passivate in nitric acid after machining to restore the chromium oxide film (selenide inclusions otherwise pit); takes hard chrome and electroless nickel well and polishes better than 416, but never anodizes.
416Se chemical composition (wt %)
Limits by weight percent from the governing specification, written the way the spec states them — a single maximum for impurities, a range for alloying elements, and the base element as balance. Nominal is the typical mid-range value.
| Element | Spec limit (wt %) | Nominal |
|---|---|---|
| C | ≤ 0.15 | 0.1 |
| Cr | 12 – 14 | 13 |
| Mn | ≤ 1.25 | 0.8 |
| Si | ≤ 1 | 0.5 |
| Sefree-machining addition, forms chromium selenide inclusions | ≥ 0.15 | 0.2 |
| P | ≤ 0.06 | 0.03 |
| S | ≤ 0.06 | 0.02 |
| Fe | balance | — |
416Se Hardened & Tempered — frequently asked
What is 416Se Hardened & Tempered used for?
416Se Hardened & Tempered is typically used for machined valve trim, pump shafts, screw-machine fasteners and studs, motor and instrument shafts, valve stems and needles and gears and pinions. In short: selenium free-machining stainless.
What is the yield strength of 416Se Hardened & Tempered?
416Se Hardened & Tempered has a typical yield strength of 760 MPa (110 ksi) and a tensile strength of 965 MPa (140 ksi) — stronger than 94% of stainless steel grades. Strength varies by condition: see the 5 listed tempers.
Is 416Se Hardened & Tempered easy to machine?
Reasonably — machinability is rated good (55/100, better than 95% of stainless steel grades). Excellent free-machining behaviour (~85 % of 1212); selenides give short chips and a brighter finish than sulfur-bearing 416 — use sharp carbide, moderate speed, generous coolant, and avoid dwell to prevent work-hardened skin.
Can 416Se Hardened & Tempered be welded?
Not readily — weldability is rated poor (18/100). Not recommended: Se/S inclusions and air-hardening martensite cause hot cracking; if unavoidable, preheat 200–300 °C, use 309/410 filler and temper at 650–700 °C immediately after.
What surface finishes work on 416Se Hardened & Tempered?
Passivate in nitric acid after machining to restore the chromium oxide film (selenide inclusions otherwise pit); takes hard chrome and electroless nickel well and polishes better than 416, but never anodizes.
Can 416Se Hardened & Tempered be formed, bent or molded?
Cold forming limited to light heading/threading in the annealed condition; hot work 1150–1200 °C and cool slowly, never below ~800 °C finishing temperature.
What is the maximum service temperature of 416Se Hardened & Tempered?
416Se Hardened & Tempered is rated for continuous use to about 480°C (896 °F). Strength falls off well before that limit — check the elevated-temperature data for load-bearing parts.
Can FabDigit make parts in 416Se Hardened & Tempered?
Yes — 416Se Hardened & Tempered is available for CNC machining with instant online pricing. Upload a STEP file to get a price and a DFM check.
Sources
- ASTM A582/A582M — Free-Machining Stainless Steel Bars — ASTM International (2021)
- ASTM A484/A484M — General Requirements for Stainless Steel Bars, Billets and Forgings — ASTM International (2020)
- ASM Handbook Vol.1: Properties and Selection — Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys — ASM International (1990)
- ASM Handbook Vol.16: Machining — ASM International (1989)
- Type 416/416Se Free-Machining Stainless Steel Product Data — AK Steel / Cleveland-Cliffs (2018)
Property data is compiled from published supplier and standards handbooks and normalised for comparison. Nothing on this page is a certification — request mill certs, CoC or material test reports with your order.