Stainless Steel 416 · temper · default condition
Stainless Steel 416 Annealed
Properties of the Annealed condition, compared with the other 416 tempers.
Standard stock condition for free-machining bar; softest, most machinable, to be hardened after roughing if strength is needed.
What is 416 Annealed?
416 Annealed is 416 in the Annealed temper — standard stock condition for free-machining bar; softest, most machinable, to be hardened after roughing if strength is needed. 416 Annealed has a yield strength of 275 MPa (39.9 ksi) and a tensile strength of 515 MPa (74.7 ksi) — weaker than 77% of stainless steel grades. Elongation at break is 30% and the elastic modulus is 200 GPa (29 Msi). 416 Annealed has a density of 7.7 g/cm³ (0.278 lb/in³), lighter than 83% of stainless steel grades. It melts at 1,450°C (2,642 °F).
Advantages
- Easy to machine — 80/100, better than 100% of stainless steel grades
- High electrical conductivity — 3 % IACS, better than 95% of stainless steel grades
- Conducts heat well — 24.9 W/m·K (14.4 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 88% of stainless steel grades
- Low embodied carbon — 3.6 kg CO₂/kg, better than 83% of stainless steel grades
Limitations
- Needs corrosion protection — 30/100, worse than 99% of stainless steel grades
- Difficult to weld — 22/100, worse than 94% of stainless steel grades
- Hard to polish — 55/100, worse than 89% of stainless steel grades
- Low strength — 275 MPa (39.9 ksi), worse than 77% of stainless steel grades
416 Annealed properties
Typical room-temperature values for 416 Annealed — 13 properties are specific to this condition; the rest are grade-level values shared by every 416 temper. Each bar shows where the value sits among the stainless steel grades in FabDigit's library — further right is higher.
Physical3
416 Annealed has a density of 7.7 g/cm³ (0.278 lb/in³), lighter than 83% of stainless steel grades. It melts at 1,450°C (2,642 °F).
Mechanical13
416 Annealed has a yield strength of 275 MPa (39.9 ksi) and a tensile strength of 515 MPa (74.7 ksi) — weaker than 77% of stainless steel grades. Elongation at break is 30% and the elastic modulus is 200 GPa (29 Msi).
Thermal6
416 Annealed is rated for continuous service to 650°C (1,202 °F). It conducts heat at 24.9 W/m·K (14.4 BTU/hr·ft·°F), better than 88% of stainless steel grades. Thermal expansion is 9.9 µm/m·K (5.5 µin/in·°F).
Electrical3
416 Annealed conducts electricity at 3 % IACS, better than 95% of stainless steel grades.
Chemical & Environmental3
Corrosion resistance is poor (30/100), worse than 99% of stainless steel grades.
Sustainability4
Producing a kilogram of 416 Annealed takes about 48 MJ of energy and emits 3.6 kg of CO₂ — less than 85% of stainless steel grades. Typical recycled content is 65%.
Manufacturability7
416 Annealed's machinability is very good (80/100, better than 100% of stainless steel grades); weldability poor (22/100); formability poor (30/100).
Common Calculations5
Values are nominal handbook figures for design screening. Certified mill or lot data ships with every FabDigit order on request.
Other 416 tempers and conditions
416 is also supplied in 5 other conditions. The full side-by-side table is on the 416 overview.
- AnnealedDefaultStandard stock condition for free-machining bar; softest, most machinable, to be hardened after roughing if strength is needed.275 MPa yield · 155 HB
- Q&T 38-44 HRCMaximum-hardness condition for wear surfaces, screws and firearm parts; low toughness, notch-sensitive and least corrosion resistant.1,080 MPa yield · 41 HRC
- Q&T 32-38 HRCHigher-strength condition for gears, cams and fasteners; tempering in this range gives lower toughness and reduced corrosion resistance.930 MPa yield · 35 HRC
- Hardened & TemperedGeneral-purpose strengthened condition for shafts, valve stems and fasteners needing ~28–32 HRC with reasonable toughness.700 MPa yield · 30 HRC
- Q&T 22-26 HRCUse when impact toughness and reduced hydrogen/stress-corrosion sensitivity matter more than hardness (valve trim, pump shafts).620 MPa yield · 24 HRC
- Annealed Cold DrawnPick for tight-tolerance turned parts where moderate strength and good surface finish are needed without heat treatment.550 MPa yield · 200 HB
Working with 416 Annealed
Is 416 easy to machine?
Best-machining stainless: run 20–30 % faster than 304, sharp positive-rake carbide, good chip control and long tool life; harden after roughing and leave grinding stock.
Can 416 be welded?
Not recommended — sulfur promotes hot cracking; if unavoidable use 309/312 filler, preheat 200–300 °C and post-weld temper 650–700 °C.
Can 416 be formed, bent or molded?
Poor cold formability (sulfide stringers cause splitting); hot work 1150–800 °C then slow cool or anneal, bend radii ≥ 2t only in annealed bar.
What surface finishes work on 416?
Passivate per ASTM A967 (nitric or citric) after machining to restore film; plating, black oxide or hard chrome common; sulfide inclusions limit true mirror polish.
416 chemical composition (wt %)
Limits by weight percent from the governing specification, written the way the spec states them — a single maximum for impurities, a range for alloying elements, and the base element as balance. Nominal is the typical mid-range value.
| Element | Spec limit (wt %) | Nominal |
|---|---|---|
| C0.15 max per UNS S41600 | ≤ 0.15 | 0.1 |
| Cr | 12 – 14 | 13 |
| Mn | ≤ 1.25 | 0.8 |
| Si | ≤ 1 | 0.4 |
| Sdeliberate free-machining addition; 0.15 % min | ≥ 0.15 | 0.25 |
| P | ≤ 0.06 | 0.03 |
| Nioptional/residual; some standards allow up to 0.5–1.0 % | ≤ 0.5 | 0.3 |
| Mooptional, at producer's discretion | ≤ 0.6 | — |
| Fe | balance | — |
416 Annealed — frequently asked
What is 416 Annealed used for?
416 Annealed is typically used for CNC machined fasteners, pump shafts, valve stems, gears and pinions, firearm components and screw-machine studs and couplings. In short: easy-machining magnetic stainless.
What is the yield strength of 416 Annealed?
416 Annealed has a typical yield strength of 275 MPa (39.9 ksi) and a tensile strength of 515 MPa (74.7 ksi) — weaker than 77% of stainless steel grades. Strength varies by condition: see the 6 listed tempers.
Is 416 Annealed easy to machine?
Yes — machinability is rated very good (80/100, better than 100% of stainless steel grades). Best-machining stainless: run 20–30 % faster than 304, sharp positive-rake carbide, good chip control and long tool life; harden after roughing and leave grinding stock.
Can 416 Annealed be welded?
Not readily — weldability is rated poor (22/100). Not recommended — sulfur promotes hot cracking; if unavoidable use 309/312 filler, preheat 200–300 °C and post-weld temper 650–700 °C.
What surface finishes work on 416 Annealed?
Passivate per ASTM A967 (nitric or citric) after machining to restore film; plating, black oxide or hard chrome common; sulfide inclusions limit true mirror polish.
Can 416 Annealed be formed, bent or molded?
Poor cold formability (sulfide stringers cause splitting); hot work 1150–800 °C then slow cool or anneal, bend radii ≥ 2t only in annealed bar.
What is the maximum service temperature of 416 Annealed?
416 Annealed is rated for continuous use to about 650°C (1,202 °F). Strength falls off well before that limit — check the elevated-temperature data for load-bearing parts.
Can FabDigit make parts in 416 Annealed?
Yes — 416 Annealed is available for CNC machining with instant online pricing. Upload a STEP file to get a price and a DFM check.
Sources
- ASTM A582/A582M — Free-Machining Stainless Steel Bars — ASTM (2021)
- EN 10088-3 (X12CrS13, 1.4005) — CEN (2014)
- GB/T 1220 (Y1Cr13/1Cr13S) — SAC (2007)
- ASM Handbook Vol.1 — Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys — ASM International (1990)
- ASM Specialty Handbook: Stainless Steels — ASM International (1994)
- 416/1.4005 free-machining martensitic stainless bar datasheets — Sandvik / Outokumpu / Ugitech (2023)
Property data is compiled from published supplier and standards handbooks and normalised for comparison. Nothing on this page is a certification — request mill certs, CoC or material test reports with your order.